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Extend or mirror your Mac desktop with Sidecar

That's not to say FreeHand users who haven't made the jump to OS X are out of luck; version 10 also runs on Mac OS 8.6 and higher. You just won't see FreeHand running with an Aqua interface. The Mac 10 & 11/M10 &11 model is a compact submachine gun that has become a collector’s favorite recently. Originally designed to use 9mm and.45ACP, the M11A1 includes an upper receiver that can use rifle and pistol rounds in one. Few working parts makes.

Follow these steps on a Mac and iPad that meet the Sidecar system requirements. You can use Sidecar wirelessly, but to keep your iPad charged during use, connect it directly to your Mac with the USB charge cable that came with your iPad.

Start a Sidecar session

  • If you're using macOS Big Sur, click the Display menu in Control Center or the menu bar, then choose your iPad from the menu.
  • If you're using macOS Catalina, click the AirPlay icon in the menu bar, then choose your iPad from the menu. (If you don't see the AirPlay icon, choose Apple menu  > System Preferences, click Displays, and select “Show mirroring options in the menu bar when available”.)
  • Or just move a window to your iPad, as described in next section.
  • Or connect using the menu in Sidecar preferences.
  1. All versions of Mac OS X that were made to run on PowerPC systems (with the exception of Leopard) had a Mac OS 9 emulation layer called 'Classic'. It allowed Mac OS X to run Mac OS 9 applications that weren't updated to run natively on OS X (known as carbonization based on the Carbon API).
  2. Global Nav Open Menu Global Nav Close Menu; Apple; Shopping Bag +.

Switch to screen mirroring

  • By default, your iPad shows an extension of your Mac desktop. You can move windows to it and use it like any other display.
  • To mirror your Mac display so that both screens show the same content, return to the Display menu or AirPlay menu, which shows a blue iPad icon while using Sidecar. Choose the option to mirror your display.

End the Sidecar session

  • If you're using macOS Big Sur, return to the Display menu in Control Center or the menu bar and choose your iPad again to disconnect from it.
  • If you're using macOS Catalina, return to the AirPlay menu and choose the option to disconnect.
  • Or use the Disconnect button in the sidebar on your iPad, or in Sidecar preferences on your Mac.

Learn more about using external displays. For example, you can use Displays preferences to arrange displays so that your iPad extends the left, right, top, or bottom of your desktop.

Move a window to your iPad display

If you hover your pointer over the full-screen button of a window, you can choose to move that window to or from your iPad display. It's faster than dragging the window, and the window is perfectly resized for your display.

The sidebar puts commonly used controls on the side of your iPad screen. It includes Command, Shift, and other modifier keys, so you can choose essential commands with your finger or Apple Pencil instead of a keyboard.

Use Sidecar preferences to turn off the sidebar or change its position.


Tap to show or hide the menu bar when viewing a window in full screen on iPad.

Command. Touch and hold to set the Command key. Double-tap to lock the key.

Option. Touch and hold to set the Option key. Double-tap to lock the key.

Control. Touch and hold to set the Control key. Double-tap to lock the key.

Shift. Touch and hold to set the Shift key. Double-tap to lock the key.

Undo the last action. Some apps support multiple undos.

Use the Touch Bar

Many apps on Mac have Touch Bar controls that make common actions even easier. With Sidecar, you get a Touch Bar on your iPad screen even if your Mac doesn’t have a Touch Bar. Tap its controls with either your finger or Apple Pencil.

Use Sidecar preferences to turn off the Touch Bar or change its position.

If the Touch Bar doesn't appear when using an app that offers Touch Bar controls, choose Apple menu  > System Preferences, click Mission Control, then make sure that “Displays have separate Spaces” is selected.

Use gestures for scrolling and other actions

Multi-Touch gestures on iPad remain available when using Sidecar. These gestures are particularly useful with Sidecar:

  • Scroll: Swipe with two fingers.
  • Copy: Pinch in with three fingers.
  • Cut: Pinch in with three fingers twice.
  • Paste: Pinch out with three fingers.
  • Undo: Swipe left with three fingers, or double-tap with three fingers.
  • Redo: Swipe right with three fingers.

Use Apple Pencil

To point, click, select, and perform tasks such as drawing, editing photos, and manipulating objects on your iPad while it's extending or mirroring your Mac display, you can use your Apple Pencil instead of the mouse or trackpad connected to your Mac. You can also use it to write, sketch, and mark up documents while seeing the updates live on your Mac.

Sidecar also supports double-tap, which you can turn on in Sidecar preferences. Double-tap enables apps that support this feature to perform custom actions when you double-tap on the side of your Apple Pencil (2nd generation).

Use a keyboard, mouse, or trackpad

During your Sidecar session, you can type using a keyboard connected to either your Mac or iPad, such as the Smart Keyboard or Magic Keyboard for iPad.

To point, click, or select with a mouse or trackpad, use the mouse or trackpad connected to your Mac, or use an Apple Pencil on your iPad.

Use iPad apps

While using Sidecar, you can switch to an iPad app, then interact with that app on your iPad as you normally would. This suspends your Sidecar session until you switch back to the Sidecar app or disconnect Sidecar. The Sidecar app appears on your home screen only while using Sidecar.


Use Sidecar preferences

Choose Apple menu  > System Preferences, then click Sidecar. These preferences are available only on computers that support Sidecar.

  • Show Sidebar: Show the sidebar on the left or right side of your iPad screen, or turn it off.
  • Show Touch Bar: Show the Touch Bar on the bottom or top of your iPad screen, or turn it off.
  • Enable double tap on Apple Pencil: Allow apps that support this feature to perform custom actions when you double-tap on the side of your Apple Pencil (2nd generation).
  • Connect to: Choose an iPad to connect to, or click Disconnect to stop using Sidecar.

Sidecar system requirements

Sidecar requires a compatible Mac using macOS Catalina or later and a compatible iPad using iPadOS 13 or later.

  • MacBook Pro introduced in 2016 or later
  • MacBook introduced in 2016 or later
  • MacBook Air introduced in 2018 or later
  • iMac introduced in 2017 or later, or iMac (Retina 5K, 27-inch, Late 2015)
  • Mac mini introduced in 2018 or later
  • Mac Pro introduced in 2019
  • iPad Pro: all models
  • iPad (6th generation) or newer
  • iPad mini (5th generation) or newer
  • iPad Air (3rd generation) or newer

Additional requirements

  • Both devices must be signed in to iCloud with the same Apple ID using two-factor authentication.
  • To use Sidecar wirelessly, both devices must be within 10 meters (30 feet) of each other and have Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and Handoff turned on. Also make sure that the iPad is not sharing its cellular connection and the Mac is not sharing its Internet connection.
  • To use Sidecar over USB, make sure that your iPad is set to trust your Mac.

Learn more

  • Resolve Wi-Fi and Bluetooth issues caused by wireless interference, which can affect Sidecar performance when using Sidecar wirelessly.

Many assembly tutorials and books doesn’t coverhow to write a simple assembly program on the Mac OS X.Here are some baby steps that can help people whoare also interested in assembly to get startedeasier.

Mach-O file format

To get started on writing OSX assembly, you need tounderstand OSX executable file format – the Mach-Ofile format. It’s similar to ELF, but insteadof sections of data, bss, and text, it has segments thatcontains sections.

A common assembly in Linux like

would translate into this in Mach-O

Mach-O is pretty flexible. You can embed acstring section in your __TEXT segment insteadof putting it in __DATA,__data. Actually this isthe default behavior that compiler does on your Mac.

Hello Assembly

Now we know how to translate common linux assemblyto mac, let’s write a basic program – do a system callwith an exit code.

On x86 you do a system call by int x80 instruction. On64 bit machine, you do this by syscall. Here’s the samplecode:

you can compile the code by the following commands:

To perform a system call, you put the system call number in%eax, and put the actual exit code to %ebx. The systemcall number can be found in /usr/include/sys/syscall.h.

The system call number need to add an offset 0x2000000, becauseOSX has 4 different class of system calls. You can find the referencehere XNU syscall.

System call by using wrapper functions

Handgun Hoedown Mac OS

If you’re like me that had no assembly background, you mightfeel that syscall is alien to you. In C, we usually usewrapper functions to perform the call:

Now we call a libc function instead of performing a systemcall. To do this we need to link to libc by passing -lcto linker ld. There are several things you need to doto make a function call.

Call frame

We need to prepare the stack before we call a function. Elseyou would probably get a segmentation fault.The values in %rsp and %rbp is used to preserve frame information.To maintain the stack, you first push the base register %rbponto the stack by pushq %rbp;then you copy the stack register %rsp to the base register.

If you have local variables, you subtract %rsp for space.Remember, stack grows down and heap grows up.When releasing the frame, you add the space back to %rsp.

A live cycle of a function would look like this:

The stack size can be set at link time. On OSX, below are theexample parameters you can pass to ld to set the stack size:

When setting the stack size, you also have to set the stack address.On the System V Application Binary Interface it says

Although the AMD64 architecture uses 64-bit pointers, implementationsare only required to handle 48-bit addresses. Therefore, conforming processes may onlyuse addresses from 0x00000000 00000000 to 0x00007fff ffffffff

I don’t know a good answer of how to chose a good stack address.I just copy whatever a normal code produces.

Parameters passing

The rules for parameter passing can be found in System VApplication Binary Interface:

  1. If the class is MEMORY, pass the argument on the stack.If the size of an object is larger than four eight bytes, orit contains unaligned fields, it has class MEMORY.
  2. If the class is INTEGER, the next available register of the sequence %rdi,%rsi, %rdx, %rcx, %r8 and %r9 is used.
  3. If the class is SSE, the next available vector register is used, the registersare taken in the order from %xmm0 to %xmm7.

The exit() function only need one integer parameter, therefore we putthe exit code in %edi. Since the parameter is type int, we use 32 bitvariance of register %rdi and the instruction is movl (mov long) insteadof movq (mov quad).

Hello world

Now we know the basics of how to performa system call, and how to call a function.Let’s write a hello world program.

Mac Os Versions

The global variable str can only be accessed through GOT(Global Offset Table). And the GOT needs to be access fromthe instruction pointer %rip. For more curious you canread Mach-O Programming Topics: x86-64 Code Model.

The register used for syscall parameters are a littlebit different than the normal function call.It uses %rdi, %rsi, %rdx, %r10, %r8 and %r9.You cannot pass more than 6 parameters in syscall, norcan you put the parameters on the stack.

Hello world using printf

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Now you know the basics of assembly. A hello worldexample using printf should be trivial to read:

Conclusion

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The 64 bit assembly looks more vague than the tutorialswritten in X86 assembly. Once you know these basic differences,it’s easy for you to learn assembly in depth on your own,even if the material is designed for x86. I highly recommendthe book “Programming from the ground up”. It is well writtenfor self study purpose.

References

Handgun Hoedown Mac Os Pro

  1. OS X Assembler Reference Assembler Directives
  2. Book: Programming from the ground up.